Communication systems

ABSTRACT

A transmission method for use in a multi-hop wireless communication system is provided. The system includes a source apparatus, a destination apparatus and two or more intermediate apparatuses. The system has access to a time-frequency format for use in assigning available transmission frequency bandwidth during a discrete transmission interval, said format defining a plurality of transmission windows within such an interval. Each window occupies a different part of that interval and has a frequency bandwidth profile within said available transmission frequency bandwidth over its part of that interval. Each said window is assignable for such a transmission interval to one of said apparatuses for use in transmission. The method for use in this system includes employing said format for one or more such transmission intervals to transmit information along at least three consecutive said links as a set of successive transmission signals, link by link, each said signal being transmitted in an available transmission window of said interval(s) and at least two of said signals being transmitted during the same said transmission interval such that said information is transmitted along said consecutive links in fewer transmission intervals than said number of consecutive links.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/840,621 filed Aug. 17, 2007; which claims foreign priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. §119 of United Kingdom Application No. GB 0616479.2, filed on Aug. 18, 2006, entitled “Communication Systems”.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates in general to communication systems, and more particularly to a frame structure for a multihop communication system.

OVERVIEW

Currently there exists interest in the use of multihop techniques in packet based radio and other communication systems, where it is purported that such techniques will enable both extension in coverage range and increase in system capacity (throughput).

In a multi-hop communication system, communication signals are sent in a communication direction along a communication path (C) from a source apparatus to a destination apparatus via one or more intermediate apparatuses. FIG. 4 illustrates a single-cell two-hop wireless communication system comprising a base station BS (known in the context of 3 G communication systems as “node-B” NB) a relay node RN (also known as a relay station RS) and a user equipment UE (also known as mobile station MS). In the case where signals are being transmitted on the downlink (DL) from a base station to a destination user equipment (UE) via the relay node (RN), the base station comprises the source station (S) and the user equipment comprises the destination station (D). In the case where communication signals are being transmitted on the uplink (UL) from a user equipment (UE), via the relay node, to the base station, the user equipment comprises the source station and the base station comprises the destination station. The relay node is an example of an intermediate apparatus (I) and comprises: a receiver, operable to receive data from the source apparatus; and a transmitter, operable to transmit this data, or a derivative thereof, to the destination apparatus.

Simple analogue repeaters or digital repeaters have been used as relays to improve or provide coverage in dead spots. They can either operate in a different transmission frequency band from the source station to prevent interference between the source transmission and the repeater transmission, or they can operate at a time when there is no transmission from the source station.

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b illustrate a number of applications for relay stations. For fixed infrastructure, the coverage provided by a relay station may be “in-fill” to allow access to the communication network for mobile stations which may otherwise be in the shadow of other objects or otherwise unable to receive a signal of sufficient strength from the base station despite being within the normal range of the base station. “Range extension” is also shown, in which a relay station allows access when a mobile station is outside the normal data transmission range of a base station. One example of in-fill shown at the top right of FIGS. 5 a and 5 b is positioning of a nomadic relay station to allow penetration of coverage within a building that could be above, at, or below ground level.

Other applications are nomadic relay stations which are brought into effect for temporary cover, providing access during events or emergencies/disasters. A final application shown in the bottom right of FIGS. 5 a and 5 b provide access to a network using a relay positioned on a vehicle.

Relays may also be used in conjunction with advanced transmission techniques to enhance gain of the communications system as explained below.

It is known that the occurrence of propagation loss, or “pathloss”, due to the scattering or absorption of a radio communication as it travels through space, causes the strength of a signal to diminish. Factors which influence the pathloss between a transmitter and a receiver include: transmitter antenna height, receiver antenna height, carrier frequency, clutter type (urban, sub-urban, rural), details of morphology such as height, density, separation, terrain type (hilly, flat). The pathloss L (dB) between a transmitter and a receiver can be modeled by: L=b+10n log d  (A) Where d (meters) is the transmitter-receiver separation, b(db) and n are the pathloss parameters and the absolute pathloss is given by l=10^((L/10)). The sum of the absolute path losses experienced over the indirect link SI+ID may be less than the pathloss experienced over the direct link SD. In other words it is possible for: L(SI)+L(ID)<L(SD)  (B)

Splitting a single transmission link into two shorter transmission segments therefore exploits the non-linear relationship between pathloss verses distance. From a simple theoretical analysis of the pathloss using equation (A), it can be appreciated that a reduction in the overall pathloss (and therefore an improvement, or gain, in signal strength and thus data throughput) can be achieved if a signal is sent from a source apparatus to a destination apparatus via an intermediate apparatus (e.g. relay node), rather than being sent directly from the source apparatus to the destination apparatus. If implemented appropriately, multi-hop communication systems can allow for a reduction in the transmit power of transmitters which facilitate wireless transmissions, leading to a reduction in interference levels as well as decreasing exposure to electromagnetic emissions. Alternatively, the reduction in overall pathloss can be exploited to improve the received signal quality at the receiver without an increase in the overall radiated transmission power required to convey the signal.

Multi-hop systems are suitable for use with multi-carrier transmission. In a multi-carrier transmission system, such as FDM (frequency division multiplex), OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplex) or DMT (discrete multi-tone), a single data stream is modulated onto N parallel sub-carriers, each sub-carrier signal having its own frequency range. This allows the total bandwidth (i.e. the amount of data to be sent in a given time interval) to be divided over a plurality of sub-carriers thereby increasing the duration of each data symbol. Since each sub-carrier has a lower information rate, multi-carrier systems benefit from enhanced immunity to channel induced distortion compared with single carrier systems. This is made possible by ensuring that the transmission rate and hence bandwidth of each subcarrier is less than the coherence bandwidth of the channel. As a result, the channel distortion experienced on a signal subcarrier is frequency independent and can hence be corrected by a simple phase and amplitude correction factor. Thus the channel distortion correction entity within a multicarrier receiver can be of significantly lower complexity of its counterpart within a single carrier receiver when the system bandwidth is in excess of the coherence bandwidth of the channel.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique that is based on FDM. An OFDM system uses a plurality of sub-carrier frequencies which are orthogonal in a mathematical sense so that the sub-carriers' spectra may overlap without interference due to the fact they are mutually independent. The orthogonality of OFDM systems removes the need for guard band frequencies and thereby increases the spectral efficiency of the system. OFDM has been proposed and adopted for many wireless systems. It is currently used in Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) connections, in some wireless LAN applications (such as WiFi devices based on the IEEE 802.11a/g standard), and in wireless MAN applications such as WiMAX (based on the IEEE 802.16 standard). OFDM is often used in conjunction with channel coding, an error correction technique, to create coded orthogonal FDM or COFDM. COFDM is now widely used in digital telecommunications systems to improve the performance of an OFDM based system in a multipath environment where variations in the channel distortion can be seen across both subcarriers in the frequency domain and symbols in the time domain. The system has found use in video and audio broadcasting, such as DVB and DAB, as well as certain types of computer networking technology.

In an OFDM system, a block of N modulated parallel data source signals is mapped to N orthogonal parallel sub-carriers by using an Inverse Discrete or Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (IDFT/IFFT) to form a signal known as an “OFDM symbol” in the time domain at the transmitter. Thus, an “OFDM symbol” is the composite signal of all N sub-carrier signals. An OFDM symbol can be represented mathematically as:

$\begin{matrix} {{{x(t)} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}{\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N - 1}\;{c_{n} \cdot {\mathbb{e}}^{{j2\pi}\; n\;{\Delta{ft}}}}}}},{0 \leq t \leq T_{s}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$ where Δf is the sub-carrier separation in Hz, Ts=1/Δf is symbol time interval in seconds, and c_(n) are the modulated source signals. The sub-carrier vector in (1) onto which each of the source signals is modulated cεC_(n), c=(c₀, c₁ . . . c_(N-1)) is a vector of N constellation symbols from a finite constellation. At the receiver, the received time-domain signal is transformed back to frequency domain by applying Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) or Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm.

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a multiple access variant of OFDM. It works by assigning a subset of sub-carriers, to an individual user. This allows simultaneous transmission from several users leading to better spectral efficiency. However, there is still the issue of allowing bi-directional communication, that is, in the uplink and download directions, without interference.

In order to enable bi-directional communication between two nodes, two well known different approaches exist for duplexing the two (forward or download and reverse or uplink) communication links to overcome the physical limitation that a device cannot simultaneously transmit and receive on the same resource medium. The first, frequency division duplexing (FDD), involves operating the two links simultaneously but on different frequency bands by subdividing the transmission medium into two distinct bands, one for forward link and the other for reverse link communications. The second, time division duplexing (TDD), involves operating the two links on the same frequency band, but subdividing the access to the medium in time so that only the forward or the reverse link will be utilizing the medium at any one point in time. Both approaches (TDD & FDD) have their relative merits and are both well used techniques for single hop wired and wireless communication systems. For example the IEEE 802.16 standard incorporates both an FDD and TDD mode.

As an example, FIG. 6 illustrates the single hop TDD frame structure used in the OFDMA physical layer mode of the IEEE 802.16 standard (WiMAX). Each frame is divided into DL and UL subframes, each being a discrete transmission interval. They are separated by Transmit/Receive and Receive/Transmit Transition Guard interval (TTG and RTG respectively). Each DL subframe starts with a preamble followed by the Frame Control Header (FCH), the DL-MAP, and the UL-MAP. The FCH contains the DL Frame Prefix (DLFP) to specify the burst profile and the length of the DL-MAP. The DLFP is a data structure transmitted at the beginning of each frame and contains information regarding the current frame; it is mapped to the FCH.

Simultaneous DL allocations can be broadcast, multicast and unicast and they can also include an allocation for another BS rather than a serving BS. Simultaneous ULs can be data allocations and ranging or bandwidth requests.

SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

A transmission method for use in a multi-hop wireless communication system is provided. The system includes a source apparatus, a destination apparatus and two or more intermediate apparatuses. The source apparatus is operable to transmit information along a series of links forming a communication path extending from the source apparatus to the destination apparatus via each intermediate apparatus. Each intermediate apparatus is operable to receive information from a previous apparatus along the path and to transmit the received information to a subsequent apparatus along the path. The system has access to a time-frequency format for use in assigning available transmission frequency bandwidth during a discrete transmission interval, said format defining a plurality of transmission windows within such an interval. Each window occupies a different part of that interval and has a frequency bandwidth profile within said available transmission frequency bandwidth over its part of that interval. Each said window is assignable for such a transmission interval to one of said apparatuses for use in transmission. The method for use in this system includes employing said format for one or more such transmission intervals to transmit information along at least three consecutive said links as a set of successive transmission signals, link by link, each said signal being transmitted in an available transmission window of said interval(s) and at least two of said signals being transmitted during the same said transmission interval such that said information is transmitted along said consecutive links in fewer transmission intervals than said number of consecutive links.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention and its advantages, reference is now made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a frame structure;

FIG. 2 shows node activity within each zone;

FIG. 3 shows an example of zone usage within one cell;

FIG. 4 shows a single-cell two-hop wireless communication system;

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b show applications of relay stations; and

FIG. 6 shows a single hop TDD frame structure used in the OFDMA physical layer mode of the IEEE 802.16 standard.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

When a node is required to support two independent links to two different nodes, e.g. a relay station communicating with a base station and a mobile, the existing TDD or FDD frame structures require some modification in order to make realization of the relay practical. Particular embodiments provide a frame structure for a multihop communication system that is an extension of the standard TDD frame structure (see IEEE 802.16 standard for an example) that provides support for any number of hops in the system.

Details of the Preferred Frame Structure and System Operation

One proposed frame structure makes the assumption that the control information originating from the head node that controls the overall medium access is receivable by all subordinate nodes operating in the network. Also it is assumed that the modified frame TDD structure should be able to enable legacy mobile devices that have no knowledge of a relay station to operate within the system.

The proposed generic TDD frame structure is shown in FIG. 1. It is composed of a number of transmission and reception zones for both the downlink and uplink sub-frames. The zone types are either:

-   B Broadcast of control related information such as: synchronization     sequences, commands, information and details of the structure or     layout of the frame. -   C Dedicated control information that is transmitted in a     non-broadcast zone (i.e. either to individual or a group of     receivers) -   T Dedicated user-data transmission     The 9 different zones are described in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Description of the zones. Zone Number Label Description 1 P Preamble or synchronization sequence transmissions for cell identification 2 MAP Frame format description (zone boundaries, allocations within the zones, etc) 3 BS-RS/ BS to RS transmission zone. Can also be used for BS to BS-MS/ MS transmission if spatial division multiple access is RS-RS/ supported (i.e. the same transmission resource can be MS used to communicate with more than one entity). Can also be used for RS to RS or MS transmission. 4 BS-MS BS to MS transmission zone. RS is not active during this period, it is processing any received information and turning around prior to transmission. 5 BS-MS/ RS to RS or MS transmission zone. Can also be used by RS-RS/ the BS to transmit to MSs that do not experience MS significant levels of interference from RS transmissions. 6 MS-BS/ MS control information transmission zone. Information MS-RS can be received by both the RS and the BS. Control information can be information or requests from the MS. 7 MS-BS/ MS or RS to RS transmission zone. Can also be used by MS/ MSs who do not cause interference to the RS to transmit RS-RS to the BS. 8 MS-BS MS to BS transmission zone. RS is not actively transmitting or receiving during this period; it is processing any received information prior to turning around. 9 RS-BS/ RS to BS transmission zone. Can also be used for MS to MS-BS/ BS transmission if spatial division multiple access is MS/ supported (i.e. the same transmission resource can be RS-RS used to communicate with more than one entity). Can also be used for MS or RS to RS communication.

FIG. 2 illustrates the operation of the BS, RS and MS in terms of its activity within each of the zones described in Table 1 when the MS is connected to the BS via two RSs (RS1 & RS2). Note that RS1 uses zones (5) and (7) to communicate with RS2 as zones (3) and (9) are used to communicate with the BS. Also this approach enables the possibility of performing relaying of information across the first hop within the same frame. RS2 then makes use of zones (3) and (9) to communication with any MSs (or further RS). If a third RS existed (RS3), then it would use zones (5) and (7) to communicate with any MSs or further RSs.

Note that relaying across the first two hops occurs within one frame. However, relaying over three hops introduces an extra frame delay. In the general case of N hops, it is found that the extra latency introduced through relaying is given by the following expression: L _(relay)(frames)=floor(N _(hops)−½)  (1)

FIG. 3 indicates one particular realization of the proposed frame structure in terms of how different user types may be allocated to the various zone types. In this case there are six link types identified (A, C-G). A description of the zones used on each link in this example is given in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Description of example of zone usage within one cell. DL Zone UL Zone Link Usage Usage Comments (A) (1), (2), (6), (7) MS and RS are spatially separated and therefore (5) significant interference isolation exists. (C) (1), (2), (6), (7), RS1 receives data in (3) and (7) and then (3), (5) (9) transmits in (5) and (9). (D) (1), (2), (6), (7) MS communicates with BS via RS1. (5) Transmission to the RS happens at the beginning of the UL subframe to allow sufficient RS relay processing time. (E) (1), (2), (6), (8) MSs that communicate directly with the BS that (4) are not isolated from the RS use zones (4) & (8) to prevent RS interference from impairing link performance. (F) (1), (2), (6), (7) RS1 and RS2 communicate using the same zones (5) that RS1 uses to communicate with the MSs connected via RS1. (G) (1), (2), (6), (9) RS2 communicates with MS using zones (3) and (3) (9). In summary, the benefits of particular embodiments may include:

-   -   Enabling the construction and operation of simple, low cost         relays that do not need to generate any control information or         perform scheduling     -   Maximizing spectral efficiency by making sure that the BS does         not have any time in the frame when it is idle     -   Minimal latency: latency in units of frames is 0 for 1 or 2         hops, 1 for 3 or 4 hops, 2 for 5 or 6 hops, 3 for 7 or 8 hops,         etc.     -   Enabling the system to potentially provide transparent operation         to a legacy single-hop TDD user     -   The possibility to further improve spectral efficiency through         using SDMA based techniques to enable the same transmission         resource (frequency & time) to be used between the BS and the         RSs and MSs within a cell.     -   Are extendable to any number of hops

Embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in hardware, or as software modules running on one or more processors, or on a combination thereof. That is, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) may be used in practice to implement some or all of the functionality of a transmitter embodying the present invention. The invention may also be embodied as one or more device or apparatus programs (e.g. computer programs and computer program products) for carrying out part or all of any of the methods described herein. Such programs embodying the present invention may be stored on computer-readable media, or could, for example, be in the form of one or more signals. Such signals may be data signals downloadable from an Internet website, or provided on a carrier signal, or in any other form.

Although the present invention has been described with several embodiments, a myriad of changes, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art, and it is intended that the present invention encompass such changes, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A communication method used in a multi-hop radio communication system including a base station apparatus, an intermediate apparatus and a user equipment, said communication method comprising: transmitting a preamble, frame structure information and data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus; providing a gap period between a reception period in which said preamble, said frame structure information and said data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus are received by said intermediate apparatus and a transmission period in which data are transmitted from said intermediate apparatus; transmitting data to said user equipment from said base station apparatus using said gap period; and receiving, by said user equipment, said preamble and said frame structure information, and said data that are transmitted from said base station apparatus using said gap period.
 2. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein said gap period is used for switching from a reception status to a transmission status in said intermediate apparatus.
 3. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein the transmission period follows on immediately from the gap period.
 4. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein the preamble and frame structure information are transmitted in a downlink subframe of the frame structure.
 5. The communication method according to claim 1, wherein the gap period is provided in both the downlink and the uplink.
 6. A communication method according to claim 1, wherein the frame structure defines periods for downlink and uplink transmission and reception by the base station apparatus, intermediate apparatus and user equipment.
 7. A communication method used in a multi-hop radio communication system including a base station apparatus, an intermediate apparatus and a user equipment, said communication method comprising: transmitting a preamble and frame structure information from said base station apparatus; providing a gap period between a reception period in which said intermediate apparatus receives data and a transmission period in which said intermediate apparatus transmits data to said base station apparatus; receiving, by said user equipment, said preamble and said frame structure information from said base station apparatus; and transmitting data from said user equipment to said base station apparatus using said gap period.
 8. A multi-hop radio communication system comprising: a base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble, frame structure information and data to be transmitted to an intermediate apparatus; said intermediate apparatus configured to receive said preamble, said frame structure information and said data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus in a reception period, and to transmit data in a transmission period; and a user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said base station apparatus transmits data to said user equipment using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and said user equipment receives said data that are transmitted from said base station apparatus using said gap period.
 9. A multi-hop radio communication system comprising: a base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble and frame structure information; an intermediate apparatus configured to receive data in a reception period and to transmit data to said base station apparatus in a transmission period; and a user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said user equipment transmits data to said base station apparatus using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and said base station apparatus receives said data that are transmitted from said user equipment using said gap period.
 10. A base station apparatus used in a multi-hop radio communication system including the base station apparatus, an intermediate apparatus and a user equipment, said base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble, frame structure information and data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus; said intermediate apparatus configured to receive said preamble, said frame structure information and said data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus in a reception period, and to transmit data in a transmission period; and said user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said base station apparatus transmits data to said user equipment using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and user equipment receives said data that are transmitted from said base station apparatus using said gap period.
 11. A base station apparatus used in a multi-hop radio communication system including the base station apparatus, an intermediate apparatus and a user equipment, said base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble and frame structure information; said intermediate apparatus configured to receive data in a reception period and to transmit data to said base station apparatus in a transmission period; and said user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said user equipment transmits data to said base station apparatus using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and said base station apparatus receives said data that are transmitted from said user equipment using said gap period.
 12. An intermediate apparatus used in a multi-hop radio communication system including a base station apparatus, the intermediate apparatus and a user equipment, said base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble, frame structure information and data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus; said intermediate apparatus configured to receive said preamble, said frame structure information and said data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus in a reception period, and to transmit data in a transmission period; and said user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said base station apparatus transmits data to said user equipment using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and said user equipment receives said data that are transmitted from said base station apparatus using said gap period.
 13. An intermediate apparatus used in a multi-hop radio communication system including a base station apparatus, the intermediate apparatus and a user equipment, said base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble and frame structure information; said intermediate apparatus configured to receive data in a reception period and to transmit data to said base station apparatus in a transmission period; and said user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said user equipment transmits data to said base station apparatus using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and said base station apparatus receives said data that are transmitted from said user equipment using said gap period.
 14. A user equipment used in a multi-hop radio communication system including a base station apparatus, an intermediate apparatus and the user equipment, said base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble, frame structure information and data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus; said intermediate apparatus configured to receive said preamble, said frame structure information and said data to be transmitted to said intermediate apparatus in a reception period, and to transmit data in a transmission period; and said user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said base station apparatus transmits data to said user equipment using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and said user equipment receives said data that are transmitted from said base station apparatus using said gap period.
 15. A user equipment used in a multi-hop radio communication system including a base station apparatus, an intermediate apparatus and the user equipment, said base station apparatus configured to transmit a preamble and frame structure information; said intermediate apparatus configured to receive data in a reception period and to transmit data to said base station apparatus in a transmission period; and said user equipment configured to receive said preamble and said frame structure information, wherein said user equipment transmits data to said base station apparatus using a gap period between said reception period and said transmission period, and said base station apparatus receives said data that are transmitted from said user equipment using said gap period. 